GLCEventHopi Village FoundedOraibiCNoteJThis may be the oldest American town where people have continuously lived.Zhttp://www.governor.state.az.us/kids/history.cfm Taken from the Internet, April 30, 2002.!Written History of Arizona BeginsThe written history of Arizona began when the Spaniards sent exploration parties northward from Mexico. The first was a Franciscan priest named Marcos de Niza, who entered the territory in 1539. Zhttp://www.governor.state.az.us/kids/history.cfm Taken from the Internet, April 30, 2002.Father Eusebio Francisco KinoOne of the most famous missionaries in Arizona was a Jesuit, Father Eusebio Francisco Kino, who came to Arizona in 1691. After establishing the mission San Cayetano Tumaccori, he traveled north to establish the missions San Xavier del Bac and Guevavi. San Xavier del Bac is the only one of the three that is still a mission today. In addition to establishing missions, Father Kino taught the native peoples different agricultural methods and brought horses, sheep, mules, and cattle into Arizona. His teachings formed the basis for ranching in the Santa Cruz and San Pedro river valleys. Father Kino was also an explorer and mapmaker. Before his exploration to the Colorado River, Baja California was thought to be an island. When he reached the mouth of the Colorado in 1702, Father Kino found that Baja California was a peninsula rather than an island. His 1710 map unveiled this discovery and was the model for all area maps for the next 100 years. The maps that Father Kino drew of the area, whttp://www.sos.state.az.us/public_services/Arizona_Blue_Book/1999_2000/ch02.htm#prehistoric_times Taken from the Internet, April 30, 2002. Apache WarsJWhen citizens of the United States first entered the Southwest, the Apaches were inclined to consider them as allies against their bitter enemies: the Mexicans. It wasn't until the 1850s that the United States finally realized that the Apaches were going to cause serious problems. Apaches continued to raid Mexico, and Mexico consequently put pressure on the U.S. to cease the raids. Settlers in New Mexico and Arizona, Mexican and American alike, became particularly insistent that Apache raiding stop. What followed were years of bloody struggle between the Apache and the Americans.Xhttp://www.geocities.com/Athens/8352/awars.htm Taken from the Internet, April 30, 2002. Mexican WarAs a direct result of the Mexican War, the United States acquired dominion over lands that nearly doubled its previous size. The future states of Texas, New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, Nevada, Arizona, and California were all obtained as a direct result of the war. Much of the future economic wealth of the United States--indeed, its very status as a truly world power--must be attributed to this huge land acquisition. It fundamentally changed the course of American history and should therefore be more widely recognized.Whttp://www.geocities.com/Athens/8352/mwar.htm Taken from the Internet, April 30, 2002.Gadsden Purchase TreatyRepresentatives of the United States and Mexico signed the Gadsden Purchase Treaty, by which the U.S. acquired disputed territories west of the Rio Grande and south of the Gila River, territories that comprise almost half of present-day Arizona and part of present-day New Mexico as well. These newly acquired lands were added to the United States Territory of New Mexico, creating a gigantic Territory which extended from the Texas border west to the Colorado River.Xhttp://members.tripod.com/~azrebel/page10.html Taken from the Internet, April 30, 2002.Arizona SecedesMesillaA Convention was held for the purpose of considering what should be the future relationship between Arizona and the United States. At this Convention the people of Arizona voted to secede from the Union and to join their future to that of the Confederate States of America. The Tucson Convention ratified the proceedings of the Mesilla Convention, and elected provisional officers for the new Confederate Territory. Dr. Lewis Owings of Mesilla was elected Provisional Governor of the Territory, and Granville Henderson Oury of Tucson was elected as Delegate to the Confederate Congress. The Confederacy was not yet ready to accept new Territories, however, and so Arizona would have to wait again for Territorial status. Xhttp://members.tripod.com/~azrebel/page10.html Taken from the Internet, April 30, 2002.Mail Cut Off to ArizonapThe United States Government formally revoked the contract of the Butterfield Overland Stagecoach Company, which carried the United States mails on a route from San Antonio, Texas, through El Paso, Texas, Mesilla and Tucson to California. The loss of the Butterfield Stagecoach service virtually severed the region of Arizona from communication with the outside world.Xhttp://members.tripod.com/~azrebel/page10.html Taken from the Internet, April 30, 2002.Becomes a TerritorynYAfter several bills had been introduced and then failed, President Abraham Lincoln signed into law the bill that provided for the Territory of Arizona, with a boundary separating it from New Mexico at approximately 109 longitude. The first officers of the Territory, appointed by President Lincoln on March 4, 1863, were the following: Governor John A. Gurley; Chief Justice John Noble Goodwin; Secretary Richard C. McCormick; Associate Justices William T. Howell and Joseph P. Allyn; District Attorney Almon Gage; U.S. Marshal Milton B. Duffield; and Superintendent of Indian Affairs Charles Poston.http://www.sos.state.az.us/public_services/Arizona_Blue_Book/1999_2000/ch02.htm#prehistoric_times Taken from the Internet, April 30, 2002.Cushing MassacreA group of men out of Tucson (many of whom were Papagos and Mexicans, but their leaders were Americans) attacked the peaceful, sleeping Apache camp. About 144 were killed, almost all of them women and children. The event became a cause for national debate. Many citizens in the East were horrified, and even President Ulysses S. Grant denounced it. However, in Arizona few people were sympathetic. A trial was held later that year and all perpetrators were acquitted. One of the principal leaders, Sidney De Long, was later even elected mayor of Tucson. Lieutenant Whitman himself was heartsick. He buried the bodies and did what he could to console the Apaches (most of them returned to Camp Grant a few days later). For Whitman's compassion he was courtmartialed several times and finally forced out of the army. General George Stoneman, himself, was relieved of his command, and a new officer, General George Crook, took his place. Xhttp://www.geocities.com/Athens/8352/awars.htm Taken from the Internet, April 30, 2002. Billy the Kidy Globe CityIt was in Globe that Billy actually ran afoul of the law for a serious offense: stealing horses. Apparently, he also rustled cattle. He was rowdy and often involved in gambling and similar nefarious pursuits. In August 1877 Billy was at Fort Grant. The Kid was tormented in a bar there by another rowdy, by the name of Frank Cahill. The Kid did not take kindly to the razzing, and so he shot and killed Cahill. The Kid was captured and jailed, but he escaped and went to Lincoln County, New Mexico.Xhttp://www.geocities.com/Athens/8352/billy.htm Taken from the Internet, April 30, 2002.Shoot-Out Near the O.K. Corral TombstoneIt was here, that Wyatt Earp had his famous shoot-out near (NOT at) the O.K. Corral. This shoot-out has truly become legendary.Whttp://www.geocities.com/Athens/8352/earp.htm Taken from the Internet, April 30, 2002.$Founding of Arizona State UniversityTempeUOn February 26, 1885, John Samuel Armstrong introduced House Bill 164, "An Act to Establish a Normal School in the Territory of Arizona." The measure passed the 13th legislative assembly and was signed by Governor F.A. Tritle , establishing what are now known as Arizona State University, Tempe, and Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff. http://www.sos.state.az.us/public_services/Arizona_Blue_Book/1999_2000/ch02.htm#prehistoric_times Taken from the Internet, April 30, 2002.Arizona Rangers# Governor Murphy authorized the formation of the Arizona Rangers. Until 1909 when the group was disbanded, the Rangers helped track down and arrest cattle rustlers and worked to suppress striking miners. In 1909, the legislature voted not to continue the Arizona Rangers because those counties not disturbed by the outlaws or striking miners did not want to pay for services they did not need. http://www.sos.state.az.us/public_services/Arizona_Blue_Book/1999_2000/ch02.htm#prehistoric_times Taken from the Internet, April 30, 2002.Becomes a StateLIn 1910 Congress passed the enabling legislation for a constitutional convention for Arizona. The constitution created included a bicameral legislature with legislators of both houses being elected every two years, a two-year term and low pay for the Governor, and the popular election of judges. It also specified that all officials, including judges, were subject to recall. The voters overwhelmingly approved the new constitution on February 9, 1911. The following August, Congress passed a joint resolution calling for statehood for both Arizona and New Mexico, however, President William Howard Taft vetoed the measure because he strongly opposed the recall of judges. He refused to allow admission of Arizona as a state until that provision was stricken from its constitution. On December 12, 1911, voters in Arizona exempted judges from recall and on February 14, 1912, President Taft signed the proclamation making Arizona the 48th state. The signing ceremony was recorded by movie cameras fohttp://www.sos.state.az.us/public_services/Arizona_Blue_Book/1999_2000/ch02.htm#prehistoric_times Taken from the Internet, April 30, 2002.Tourism in ArizonaTwo resorts, the Ingleside Inn in Scottsdale and the San Marcos in Chandler, opened their doors and tourism in Arizona began. Wealthy socialites from the eastern states traveled west by train, most of them staying for the winter. Before long, the Valley was booming with resorts. Several dude ranches opened in the Tucson area and also around Wickenburg. Among the best known resorts in the Salt River valley was the Jokake Inn, which opened in 1925. This was followed by the Westward Ho in 1928, the Arizona Biltmore in 1930, and the Camelback Inn in 1936. The Phoenician Hotel today stands on the site of the old Jokake Inn. Tourism is a multi-million dollar industry as Arizona enters the 21st century. http://www.sos.state.az.us/public_services/Arizona_Blue_Book/1999_2000/ch02.htm#prehistoric_times Taken from the Internet, April 30, 2002. Prohobitionh/tThe Arizona prohibition law took effect January 1, 1915. Prohibition for the rest of the country would come with the passage of the 20th amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1920. On November 9, 1932, Arizonans repealed the state's 18-year-old dry law, but prohibition continued until the Governor issued a proclamation nullifying the old measure. On April 7, 1933, Arizonans got their first taste of legal beer since prohibition began when it was brought in by air. And on August 8, 1933, Arizona became the 21st state to sanction the repeal of national prohibition when Arizona officially ratified the 21st amendment. http://www.sos.state.az.us/public_services/Arizona_Blue_Book/1999_2000/ch02.htm#prehistoric_times Taken from the Internet, April 30, 2002.U S Enters WWIbArizona had more people serving per capita than any other state - 12,000. Governor Hunt knitted scarves for military personnel in order to do his part for the war effort. Matthew Juan of Sacaton, a member of the Pima tribe, was the first Arizonan to die in the war. He was killed at Catigny, France, on May 18, 1918, as the war was drawing to an end. http://www.sos.state.az.us/public_services/Arizona_Blue_Book/1999_2000/ch02.htm#prehistoric_times Taken from the Internet, April 30, 2002.Women Can VoteDuring the decade of 1910, prospective women voters held an educational mock election in Phoenix to learn how to mark their ballots; the Legislature enacted a new law establishing an eight-hour work day for women; women were summoned for jury duty in Mesa, although the county attorney insisted that only males were qualified; and the Legislature established a minimum wage of $10 a week for women. On February 12, 1920, the Legislature, meeting in special session, voted to ratify the 19th amendment to the U.S. Constitution establishing women's suffrage. Female criminals were treated as equals to male criminals and received the same punishments.http://www.sos.state.az.us/public_services/Arizona_Blue_Book/1999_2000/ch02.htm#prehistoric_times Taken from the Internet, April 30, 2002.Pluto Discovered+ Flagstaff